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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">spfp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Хранение и переработка сельхозсырья</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Storage and Processing of Farm Products</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-9669</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-767X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РОСБИОТЕХ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36107/spfp.2025.3.595</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">spfp-595</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ХРАНЕНИЯ И ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ СЕЛЬХОЗПРОДУКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF FARM PRODUCTS STORAGE AND PROCESSING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Разработка рационального режима охлаждения в производстве молочного сахара</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development of a rational cooling regime in milk sugar production</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9276-4351</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шохалов</surname><given-names>Владимир Алексеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shokhalov</surname><given-names>Vladimir</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры технологического оборудования</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v_shohalov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5484-8291</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гнездилова</surname><given-names>Анна Ивановна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gnezdilova</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры технологического оборудования</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gnezdilova.anna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8049-3287</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виноградова</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinogradova</surname><given-names>Yulia</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры технологического оборудования</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vinogradova_vgmha@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4911-3183</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шохалова</surname><given-names>Вероника Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shokhalova</surname><given-names>Veronika</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, начальник отдела обеспечения лабораторной деятельности </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v-shohalova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Вологодская государственная академия имени Н.В. Верещагина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Vologda State Dairy Farming Academy named after N.V. Vereshchagin, Vologda, Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Вологодской области»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Тhe Vologda State Center of Hygieology of Epidemiology, Vologda, Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шохалов В.А., Гнездилова А.И., Виноградова Ю.В., Шохалова В.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шохалов В.А., Гнездилова А.И., Виноградова Ю.В., Шохалова В.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shokhalov V., Gnezdilova A., Vinogradova Y., Shokhalova V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.spfp-mgupp.ru/jour/article/view/22">https://www.spfp-mgupp.ru/jour/article/view/22</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение: Кристаллизация лактозы является ключевым этапом производства молочного сахара, определяющим выход и качество продукта. Процесс реализуется при охлаждении кристаллизата и сопровождается значительными потерями лактозы (70–75 % общих потерь). На практике режимы охлаждения подбираются эмпирически и не опираются на количественные зависимости, описывающие кинетику кристаллизации и изменение пересыщения, что приводит к повышенным потерям и неоднородности кристаллов.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Разработать теоретически обоснованный режим охлаждения кристаллизата на основе математической модели скорости охлаждения, учитывающей кинетику кристаллизации лактозы и зависимость её растворимости от температуры, и экспериментально верифицировать предложенный режим в полупромышленных условиях.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: Объектом исследования был процесс кристаллизации лактозы в сгущённом ультрафильтрате подсырной сыворотки с массовой долей сухих веществ 55–60 %. Анализировали кристаллизат, кристаллы и межкристальный раствор (меласса). Массовую долю сухих веществ определяли рефрактометром RL-3, содержание лактозы — поляриметрически по ГОСТ Р 54667. Средний размер кристаллов и гранулометрический состав оценивали микроскопическим методом по ГОСТ 33567; опыты проводили в трёхкратной повторности. Теоретическая часть включала аналитический вывод уравнения скорости охлаждения на основе кинетики кристаллизации и математического моделирования.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты:  Установлено, что технологические параметры кристаллизата при охлаждении должны быть согласованы с условиями роста кристаллов и исключать образование новых центров, что достигается при соответствии скорости охлаждения скорости кристаллизации пересыщенного раствора. Получено уравнение для скорости охлаждения, учитывающее скорость кристаллизации лактозы, массовую долю сухих веществ и кристаллов, коэффициенты насыщения и пересыщения, и на его основе разработан режим поэтапного снижения скорости и температуры. Его применение позволило увеличить средний размер кристаллов до 275,5 мкм (на 39 % выше контроля), коэффициент однородности — до 0,79 (на 11,3 % выше), снизить потери лактозы в мелассе на 7,5 % и повысить выход кристаллов до 41,3 % (на 8 % выше контроля). Режим апробирован в экспериментальном цехе АО «Учебно-опытный молочный завод Вологодской ГМХА».</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: Полученные результаты создают основу для научно обоснованного выбора температурно-временных параметров кристаллизации при масштабировании процесса до промышленных условий.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>ABSTRACT</title><p>ABSTRACT</p></sec><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction: Lactose crystallization is a key stage in milk sugar production, determining both yield and product quality. It takes place during cooling of the crystallizate and is associated with substantial lactose losses (70–75% of total process losses). In industrial practice, cooling regimes are mainly selected empirically and are not based on quantitative relationships describing crystallization kinetics and changes in supersaturation, which leads to increased losses and non-uniform crystal size.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: To develop a theoretically justified cooling regime for the crystallizate based on a mathematical model of the cooling rate that accounts for lactose crystallization kinetics and the temperature dependence of lactose solubility, and to experimentally verify the proposed regime under pilot-scale conditions.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods: The object of the study was lactose crystallization in concentrated ultrafiltrate of cheese whey with a total solids content of 55–60%. The crystallizate, crystals, and intercrystalline solution (mother liquor) obtained after centrifugation were analysed. Total solids in the syrup and mother liquor were determined using an RL-3 refractometer; lactose content was measured polarimetrically according to GOST R 54667. The mean crystal size and particle size distribution were assessed microscopically according to GOST 33567 using an OLYMPUS CX31 microscope and ToupView software; all experiments were performed in triplicate. The theoretical part included the analytical derivation of a cooling rate equation based on lactose crystallization kinetics and mathematical modelling.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: It was shown that the technological parameters of the crystallizate during cooling must be aligned with crystal growth conditions and prevent the formation of new nuclei, which is achieved when the cooling rate matches the crystallization rate of the supersaturated solution. An equation for the cooling rate was obtained that incorporates lactose crystallization rate, mass fractions of total solids and crystals, and saturation and supersaturation coefficients, and on this basis a stepwise cooling regime (in terms of both rate and temperature) was developed. Its application increased the mean crystal size to 275.5 µm (39% above the control), the uniformity coefficient to 0.79 (11.3% above the control), reduced lactose losses in the mother liquor by 7.5%, and increased crystal yield to 41.3% (8% above the control). The regime was tested in the experimental plant of JSC “Training and Experimental Dairy Plant of Vologda State Dairy Farming Academy”.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions: The results provide a basis for a scientifically grounded choice of time–temperature parameters of lactose crystallization when scaling the process up to industrial conditions.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>молочный сахар</kwd><kwd>лактоза</kwd><kwd>кристаллизация лактозы</kwd><kwd>режим охлаждения</kwd><kwd>пересыщенный раствор</kwd><kwd>гранулометрический состав кристаллов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>milk sugar</kwd><kwd>lactose</kwd><kwd>lactose crystallization</kwd><kwd>cooling regime</kwd><kwd>supersaturated solution</kwd><kwd>crystal size distribution</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Правительство Вологодской области</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гнездилова, А. 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