spfpХранение и переработка сельхозсырьяStorage and Processing of Farm Products2072-96692658-767XРОСБИОТЕХ10.36107/spfp.2024.4.539spfp-539Research ArticleФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ И ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ МЕТОДЫ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ СЕЛЬХОЗПРОДУКЦИИPHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS OF FARM RAW MATERIAL PROCESSINGКорректировка липидного статуса животного сырьяAdjustment of the Lipid Status of Animal Raw Materialshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6557-2697ИванкинАндрей НиколаевичIvankinAndrey N.

д.х.н., профессор, академик МАН ВШ, кафедра химии и химических технологий МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана (Мытищинский ф-л)

aivankin@inbox.ruВеревкинАлексей НиколпевичVerevkinAlexey N.

к.х.н., доцент, кафедра химии и химических технологий

verevkin@mgul.ac.ruМГТУ им. Н.Э. БауманаРоссияBauman Moscow State Technical University (National Research University)Russian Federation2024301220243241832Copyright © Иванкин А.Н., Веревкин А.Н., 20242024Иванкин А.Н., Веревкин А.Н.Ivankin A.N., Verevkin A.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.spfp-mgupp.ru/jour/article/view/539Введение

Введение: Липидный состав жирового сырья животного происхождения играет ключевую роль в создании сбалансированных кормов для сельскохозяйственных животных. Однако природные жиры часто не соответствуют требованиям по содержанию жирных кислот, что ограничивает их использование в кормовых композициях. Несмотря на достижения в области биотехнологической переработки жиров, остается недостаточно изученным вопрос применения ферментативных методов для корректировки их липидного состава.

Цель

Цель: Разработка методологии переэтерификации жирового сырья для получения липидных композиций с измененным жирнокислотным составом, пригодных для использования в рецептурах кормов для сельскохозяйственных животных.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы: Объектами исследования выступали жировые отходы мясокомбинатов, нутряной свиной жир и костный жир крупного рогатого скота. Переэтерификация проводилась в присутствии рыбьего жира. Контролировались дисперсность системы и жирнокислотный состав. Методология включала совмещение жировых компонентов с ферментами, их нагревание и механическое или ультразвуковое диспергирование для повышения эффективности переработки.

Результаты

Результаты: Было определено содержание основных жирных кислот в исходном сырье и полупродуктах. Получены эмульсии с размером липидных частиц 0,1–200 мкм. Установлены оптимальные условия ферментативной обработки: концентрация субстрата 300–350 г/л, температура 60 ± 2 °С, рН 5,0; ферментная активность 500 ед/л, термическая активация фермента – 20 мин при 60 °С. Гидролизаты, полученные в ходе исследования, могут быть использованы для улучшения кормовой базы.

Выводы

Выводы: Разработанная методология переработки жирового сырья позволяет эффективно трансформировать как природные жиры, так и отходы мясоперерабатывающих предприятий в высокодисперсную биомассу. Определены оптимальные условия ферментативной обработки, что обеспечивает возможность создания сбалансированных липидных компонентов для производства кормов.

Introduction

Introduction: The lipid composition of animal-derived fat raw materials plays a critical role in formulating balanced feeds for livestock. However, natural fats often fail to meet the required fatty acid profile, limiting their application in feed formulations. Despite advancements in the biotechnological processing of fats, the use of enzymatic methods to modify their lipid composition remains insufficiently explored.

Purpose

Purpose: To develop a methodology for the transesterification of fat raw materials to obtain lipid compositions with a modified fatty acid profile suitable for livestock feed formulations.

Materials and Methods

Materials and Methods: The study focused on fat waste from meat processing plants, pork lard, and cattle bone fat. Transesterification was performed in the presence of fish oil. The system's dispersity and fatty acid composition were monitored. The methodology involved combining fat components with enzymes, heating, and mechanical or ultrasonic dispersion to enhance processing efficiency.

Results

Results: The content of major fatty acids in raw materials and intermediate products was determined. Emulsions with lipid particle sizes ranging from 0.1 to 200 µm were obtained. Optimal conditions for enzymatic processing were established: substrate concentration of 300–350 g/L, temperature of 60 ± 2 °C, pH of 5.0; enzyme activity of 500 U/L, and thermal activation of the enzyme for 20 minutes at 60 °C. The resulting hydrolysates are potential products for improving livestock feed bases.

Conclusion

Conclusion: The developed methodology for processing fat raw materials enables the efficient transformation of both natural animal fats and difficult-to-process fat waste from meat processing plants into highly dispersed biomass. Optimal conditions for enzymatic processing were determined, ensuring the creation of balanced lipid components for feed production.

коррекция липидного состава жирового сырьяпереэтерификация жировферментативные методы обработки жировжировые отходы мясопереработкикормовые композиции для сельскохозяйственных животныхжирнокислотный профиль липидных композицийбиотехнологическая переработка жирового сырьяультразвуковая обработка липидовферментативная активность липазadjustment of the lipid composition of fat raw materialstransesterification of fatsenzymatic methods for fat processingfat waste from meat processingfeed compositions for livestockfatty acid profile of lipid compositionsbiotechnological processing of fat raw materialsultrasonic treatment of lipidsenzymatic activity of lipasesМосковский государственный технический университет (национальный исследовательский университет) им. Н.Э. Баумана, Российская Федерация, (г. Мытищи, Московская обл., 141005, Россия)ReferencesБабурина, М.И., Иванкин, А.Н., & Красноштанова А.А. (2015). Биотрансформация жировых отходов как метод прижизненного формирования качества мясного сырья путем применения аттрактивных кормов. Все о мясе, (4), 44–48.Бабурина, М.И., Иванкин, А.Н., & Красноштанова А.А. (2015). Биотрансформация жировых отходов как метод прижизненного формирования качества мясного сырья путем применения аттрактивных кормов. Все о мясе, (4), 44–48.Baburina, M.I., Ivankin, A.N., & Krasnoshtanova A.A. (2015). Biotransformation of fat waste as a method of intravital formation of the quality of raw meat through the use of attractive feed. All About Meat, 4, 44–48 (In Russ).Baburina, M.I., Ivankin, A.N., & Krasnoshtanova A.A. (2015). Biotransformation of fat waste as a method of intravital formation of the quality of raw meat through the use of attractive feed. All About Meat, 4, 44–48 (In Russ).Иванкин, А.Н., Олиференко, Г.Л., Куликовский, А.В. (2021). Аналитическая химия. Москва: Кнорус. 171 – 212.Иванкин, А.Н., Олиференко, Г.Л., Куликовский, А.В. (2021). Аналитическая химия. Москва: Кнорус. 171 – 212.Ivankin, A.N., Oliferenko, G.L., Kulikovsky, A.V. (2021). Analytical Chemistry. Moscow: Knorus. 171 – 212 (In Russ).Ivankin, A.N., Oliferenko, G.L., Kulikovsky, A.V. (2021). Analytical Chemistry. Moscow: Knorus. 171 – 212 (In Russ).Ates, S., Keles, G., Demirci, U., Dogan, S., Kirbas, M., Filley, S. J., & Parker, N. B. (2020). The effects of feeding system and breed on the performance and meat quality of weaned lambs. Small Ruminant Research, 192, Article 106225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106225Ates, S., Keles, G., Demirci, U., Dogan, S., Kirbas, M., Filley, S. J., & Parker, N. B. (2020). The effects of feeding system and breed on the performance and meat quality of weaned lambs. Small Ruminant Research, 192, Article 106225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106225Banaszak, M., Kuzniacka, J., Biesek, J., Maijrano, G., & Adamski, M. (2020). Meat quality traits and fatty acid composition of breast muscles from ducks fed with yellow lupin. Animal, 14(9), 1969–1975. DOI:10.1017/S1751731120000610Banaszak, M., Kuzniacka, J., Biesek, J., Maijrano, G., & Adamski, M. (2020). Meat quality traits and fatty acid composition of breast muscles from ducks fed with yellow lupin. Animal, 14(9), 1969–1975. DOI:10.1017/S1751731120000610Bikker, P., & Jansman, A. J. M. (2023). Review: Composition and utilisation of feed by monogastric animals in the context of circular food production systems. Animal, 17(7), Article 100892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.100892Bikker, P., & Jansman, A. J. M. (2023). Review: Composition and utilisation of feed by monogastric animals in the context of circular food production systems. Animal, 17(7), Article 100892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.100892Budak, D., Taşdemir, U., Avdatek, F., & Yeni, D. (2023). The effects of long-chain fatty acids supplemented to rations during the transition and early lactation periods on reproductive performance in Simmental cattle with low estrus signs. Livestock Science, 278(12), Article 105371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105371Budak, D., Taşdemir, U., Avdatek, F., & Yeni, D. (2023). The effects of long-chain fatty acids supplemented to rations during the transition and early lactation periods on reproductive performance in Simmental cattle with low estrus signs. Livestock Science, 278(12), Article 105371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105371Bures, D., Needham, T., Barton, L., Lebedova, N., Kotrba, R., Rehak, D., Kucerova, I., Kloucek, P., & Hoffman, L. C. Consumer acceptance and quality of game meat “droеwors” sausages with different levels of added fat. Meat Science, 210(4), Article 109424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109424Bures, D., Needham, T., Barton, L., Lebedova, N., Kotrba, R., Rehak, D., Kucerova, I., Kloucek, P., & Hoffman, L. C. Consumer acceptance and quality of game meat “droеwors” sausages with different levels of added fat. Meat Science, 210(4), Article 109424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109424Bychkova, E., Rozhdestvenskaya, L., Podgorbunskikh, E., & Kudachyova, P. (2023). The problems and prospects of developing food products from high-protein raw materials. Food Bioscience, 56(12), Article 103286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.103286Bychkova, E., Rozhdestvenskaya, L., Podgorbunskikh, E., & Kudachyova, P. (2023). The problems and prospects of developing food products from high-protein raw materials. Food Bioscience, 56(12), Article 103286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.103286Chantakun, K., Nilsuwan, K., Tagrida, M., Sumpavapol, P., & Benjakul, S. (2022). Tender coconut water fortified with edible bird's nest protein hydrolysate subjected to sterilization and high hydrolytic pressure processes: Qualities, acceptability and changes during refrigerated storage. Food Control, 140(10), Article 109116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109116Chantakun, K., Nilsuwan, K., Tagrida, M., Sumpavapol, P., & Benjakul, S. (2022). Tender coconut water fortified with edible bird's nest protein hydrolysate subjected to sterilization and high hydrolytic pressure processes: Qualities, acceptability and changes during refrigerated storage. Food Control, 140(10), Article 109116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109116Diaz, J. H., Warren, R. J., & Osterm M. J. (2020). The disease ecology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations and management of trichinellosis linked to consumption of wild animal meat. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 31(2), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2019.12.003Diaz, J. H., Warren, R. J., & Osterm M. J. (2020). The disease ecology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations and management of trichinellosis linked to consumption of wild animal meat. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 31(2), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2019.12.003De Caro, J., Sias B., Grandval, P., Ferrato, F., Halimi, H., Carriere, F., & De Caro, A. (2014). Characterization of pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 isolated from human pancreatic juice. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Proteins and Proteomics, 1701(9), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.06.005De Caro, J., Sias B., Grandval, P., Ferrato, F., Halimi, H., Carriere, F., & De Caro, A. (2014). Characterization of pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 isolated from human pancreatic juice. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Proteins and Proteomics, 1701(9), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.06.005Duan, Z., Quan, X., Chen, M., Shi, H., Wang, Z., Li, X., & Qiao, Y. (2023). Compositional characteristics and indication of n-fatty acids in alpine meadow plants and soils. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 107(4). Article 104613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2023.104613Duan, Z., Quan, X., Chen, M., Shi, H., Wang, Z., Li, X., & Qiao, Y. (2023). Compositional characteristics and indication of n-fatty acids in alpine meadow plants and soils. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 107(4). Article 104613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2023.104613Fan, Z., & Jia, W. (2023). Long short-term memory based quasi-targeted lipidomics reveals propane-1,2-diol expediting the digestion of lipids via mediating the α-helices to a random curl or β folding of lipase. Food Research International. 173(11), Article 113411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113411Fan, Z., & Jia, W. (2023). Long short-term memory based quasi-targeted lipidomics reveals propane-1,2-diol expediting the digestion of lipids via mediating the α-helices to a random curl or β folding of lipase. Food Research International. 173(11), Article 113411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113411Gasco, L., Biancarosa, I., & Liland, N. S. (2020). From waste to feed: A review of recent knowledge on insects as producers of protein and fat for animal feeds. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 23, 67–79. DOI:10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.03.003Gasco, L., Biancarosa, I., & Liland, N. S. (2020). From waste to feed: A review of recent knowledge on insects as producers of protein and fat for animal feeds. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 23, 67–79. DOI:10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.03.003Gillespie, J. (2023). Feed rations fed by US dairy producers. Journal of Dairy Science, 106(11), 8152–8168. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-23363Gillespie, J. (2023). Feed rations fed by US dairy producers. Journal of Dairy Science, 106(11), 8152–8168. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-23363Huang, Y., Li, H., Wang, Z., Fu, Y., Chen, Y., & Wang, X. (2023). Enzymatic synthesis of branched chain fatty acid-enriched structured triacylglycerols via esterification with glycerol. Food Chemistry, 429(15), Article 136943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136943Huang, Y., Li, H., Wang, Z., Fu, Y., Chen, Y., & Wang, X. (2023). Enzymatic synthesis of branched chain fatty acid-enriched structured triacylglycerols via esterification with glycerol. Food Chemistry, 429(15), Article 136943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136943Huuskonen, A., Hietala, S., Hyvonen, J., Leinonen, I., & Manni, K. (2023). Environmental impacts and animal performance of finishing bulls fed different silage-based total mixed rations Livestock Science, 286(2), Article 105166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105166Huuskonen, A., Hietala, S., Hyvonen, J., Leinonen, I., & Manni, K. (2023). Environmental impacts and animal performance of finishing bulls fed different silage-based total mixed rations Livestock Science, 286(2), Article 105166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105166Kashi, S., Satari, B., Lundin, M., Horvath, I. S., & Othman, M. (2017). Application of a mixture design to identify the effects of substrates ratios and interactions on anaerobic co-digestion of municipal sludge, grease trap waste, and meat processing waste. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engeneering, 6(5), 6156–6164. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2017.11.045Kashi, S., Satari, B., Lundin, M., Horvath, I. S., & Othman, M. (2017). Application of a mixture design to identify the effects of substrates ratios and interactions on anaerobic co-digestion of municipal sludge, grease trap waste, and meat processing waste. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engeneering, 6(5), 6156–6164. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2017.11.045Katan, T., Caballero-Solares, A., Taylor, R. G., Rise, M. L., & Parrish, C. C. (2019). Effect of plant-based diets with varying ratios of ω6 to ω3 fatty acids on growth performance, tissue composition, fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid-related gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics, 30(6), 290–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2019.03.004Katan, T., Caballero-Solares, A., Taylor, R. G., Rise, M. L., & Parrish, C. C. (2019). Effect of plant-based diets with varying ratios of ω6 to ω3 fatty acids on growth performance, tissue composition, fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid-related gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics, 30(6), 290–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2019.03.004Kim, B. K., & Kim, S. A. (2023). Investigation of microbial ecology of salted seafood based on culture method and metagenome sequencing. LWT, 187(9), Article 115275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115275Kim, B. K., & Kim, S. A. (2023). Investigation of microbial ecology of salted seafood based on culture method and metagenome sequencing. LWT, 187(9), Article 115275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115275Kocabas, D. S., Lyne, J., & Ustunol, Z. (2022). Hydrolytic enzymes in the dairy industry: Applications, market and future perspectives. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 119(1), 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.013Kocabas, D. S., Lyne, J., & Ustunol, Z. (2022). Hydrolytic enzymes in the dairy industry: Applications, market and future perspectives. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 119(1), 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.013Land, M., Vanderperren, E., & Raes, K. (2017). The effect of raw material combination on the nutritional composition and stability of four types of autolyzed fish silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 234(12), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.10.009Land, M., Vanderperren, E., & Raes, K. (2017). The effect of raw material combination on the nutritional composition and stability of four types of autolyzed fish silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 234(12), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.10.009Liang, Y., Chen, P., Chen, S., Liu, D., Jiang, F., Zhu, Z., Dong, K., Wei, L., & Hou, X. (2023). A greater ratio of thigh subcutaneous fat to abdominal fat is associated with protection against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. JHEP Reports, 5(7), Article 100730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100730Liang, Y., Chen, P., Chen, S., Liu, D., Jiang, F., Zhu, Z., Dong, K., Wei, L., & Hou, X. (2023). A greater ratio of thigh subcutaneous fat to abdominal fat is associated with protection against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. JHEP Reports, 5(7), Article 100730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100730Liu, Y., Shen, N., Xin, H., Yu, L., Xu, Q., & Cui, Y. (2023). Unsaturated fatty acids in natural edible resources, a systematic review of classification, resources, biosynthesis, biological activities and application. Food Bioscience, 53(6), Article 102790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102790Liu, Y., Shen, N., Xin, H., Yu, L., Xu, Q., & Cui, Y. (2023). Unsaturated fatty acids in natural edible resources, a systematic review of classification, resources, biosynthesis, biological activities and application. Food Bioscience, 53(6), Article 102790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102790Lu, Y., Cao, J., Zhou, C., He, J., Sun, Y., Xia, Q., & Pan, D. (2021). The technological and nutritional advantages of emulsified sausages with partial back-fat replacement by succinylated chicken liver protein and pre-emulsified sunflower oil. LWT, 149(9), Article 111824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111824Lu, Y., Cao, J., Zhou, C., He, J., Sun, Y., Xia, Q., & Pan, D. (2021). The technological and nutritional advantages of emulsified sausages with partial back-fat replacement by succinylated chicken liver protein and pre-emulsified sunflower oil. LWT, 149(9), Article 111824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111824Ma, W., Li, H., Zhang, W., Zhai, J., Li, J., Liu, H., Guo, X.F., & Li, D. (2021). Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on muscle mass and function with aging. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 165(2), Article 102249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102249Ma, W., Li, H., Zhang, W., Zhai, J., Li, J., Liu, H., Guo, X.F., & Li, D. (2021). Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on muscle mass and function with aging. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 165(2), Article 102249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102249Mateos, P. S., Navas, M. B., Morcelle, S. R., Ruscitti, C., Matkovic, S. R., & Briand, L. E. (2021). Insights in the biocatalyzed hydrolysis, esterification and transesterification of waste cooking oil with a vegetable lipase. Catalysis Today, 372(7), 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2020.09.027Mateos, P. S., Navas, M. B., Morcelle, S. R., Ruscitti, C., Matkovic, S. R., & Briand, L. E. (2021). Insights in the biocatalyzed hydrolysis, esterification and transesterification of waste cooking oil with a vegetable lipase. Catalysis Today, 372(7), 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2020.09.027McQuilken S. A. (2021). The mouth, stomach and intestines. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 22(5), 330–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2021.04.001McQuilken S. A. (2021). The mouth, stomach and intestines. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 22(5), 330–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2021.04.001Neklyudov, A. D., Fedotov, G. N., & Ivankin, A. N. (2008). Intensification of composting processes by aerobic microorganisms: a review. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology. 44(1). 6–18.Neklyudov, A. D., Fedotov, G. N., & Ivankin, A. N. (2008). Intensification of composting processes by aerobic microorganisms: a review. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology. 44(1). 6–18.Nguyen, T. X., McGill, S., Weidt, S., Han, Q. H., Gelemanovic, A., McLaughlin, M., Savoini, G., Eckersall, P. D., & Burchmore, R. (2023). Proteomic changes associated with maternal dietary low ω6:ω3 ratio in piglets supplemented with seaweed. Journal of Proteomics, 270(1), Article 104739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104739Nguyen, T. X., McGill, S., Weidt, S., Han, Q. H., Gelemanovic, A., McLaughlin, M., Savoini, G., Eckersall, P. D., & Burchmore, R. (2023). Proteomic changes associated with maternal dietary low ω6:ω3 ratio in piglets supplemented with seaweed. Journal of Proteomics, 270(1), Article 104739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104739Orzuna-Orzuna, J. F., Hernandez-García, P. A., Chay-Canul, A. J., Galvan, C. D., & Ortíz, P. B. (2023). Microalgae as a dietary additive for lambs: A meta-analysis on growth performance, meat quality, and meat fatty acid profile. Small Ruminant Research, 227(10), Article 1070720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.10707Orzuna-Orzuna, J. F., Hernandez-García, P. A., Chay-Canul, A. J., Galvan, C. D., & Ortíz, P. B. (2023). Microalgae as a dietary additive for lambs: A meta-analysis on growth performance, meat quality, and meat fatty acid profile. Small Ruminant Research, 227(10), Article 1070720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.10707Quaresma, M. A. G., Antunes, I. C., Ferreira, B. G., Parada, A., Elias, A., Barros, M. (2022) The composition of the lipid, protein and mineral fractions of quail breast meat obtained from wild and farmed specimens of Common quail (Coturnix coturnix) and farmed Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica domestica). Poultry Science, 101(1), Article 101505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101505Quaresma, M. A. G., Antunes, I. C., Ferreira, B. G., Parada, A., Elias, A., Barros, M. (2022) The composition of the lipid, protein and mineral fractions of quail breast meat obtained from wild and farmed specimens of Common quail (Coturnix coturnix) and farmed Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica domestica). Poultry Science, 101(1), Article 101505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101505Salami, S.A., Luciano, G., Biondi, L., Newbold, C. J., Kerry, J. P., & Priolo A. (2019). Sustainability of feeding plant by-products: A review of the implications for ruminant meat production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 251, 37–55. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.02.006Salami, S.A., Luciano, G., Biondi, L., Newbold, C. J., Kerry, J. P., & Priolo A. (2019). Sustainability of feeding plant by-products: A review of the implications for ruminant meat production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 251, 37–55. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.02.006Simonini, R., Maggioni, F., Zanetti, F., Fai, S., Forti, L., Prevedelli, D., & Righia, S. (2021). Synergy between mechanical injury and toxins triggers the urticating system of marine fireworms. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 534(3), 151487. DOI:10.1016/j.jembe.2020.15148731.Simonini, R., Maggioni, F., Zanetti, F., Fai, S., Forti, L., Prevedelli, D., & Righia, S. (2021). Synergy between mechanical injury and toxins triggers the urticating system of marine fireworms. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 534(3), 151487. DOI:10.1016/j.jembe.2020.15148731.Short, C. A., & Hahn, D. A. (2023). Review. Fat enough for the winter? Does nutritional status affect diapause? Journal of Insect Physiology, 145(3), Article 104488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104488Short, C. A., & Hahn, D. A. (2023). Review. Fat enough for the winter? Does nutritional status affect diapause? Journal of Insect Physiology, 145(3), Article 104488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104488Shurson, G. C., Dierenfeld, E. S., & Dou, Z. (2023). Review. Rules are meant to be broken – Rethinking the regulations on the use of food waste as animal feed. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 199(12), Article 107273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107273Shurson, G. C., Dierenfeld, E. S., & Dou, Z. (2023). Review. Rules are meant to be broken – Rethinking the regulations on the use of food waste as animal feed. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 199(12), Article 107273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107273Sun, Y., Xiao, Y., Li, C., Yang,, J., Yang, S., Yang, B., & Huang, L. (2022). A parallel survey on the fatty acid composition in backfat and longissimus lumborum and comparison of their associations with growth and carcass traits in pigs. Livestock Science, 263(9), Article 104984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104984Sun, Y., Xiao, Y., Li, C., Yang,, J., Yang, S., Yang, B., & Huang, L. (2022). A parallel survey on the fatty acid composition in backfat and longissimus lumborum and comparison of their associations with growth and carcass traits in pigs. Livestock Science, 263(9), Article 104984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104984Tejeda, J. F., Hernandez-Matamoros, A., & Gonzalez, E. (2023). Characteristics, lipogenic enzyme activity, and fatty acid composition of muscles in the Iberian pig: Effects of protein restriction and free-range feeding. Livestock Science, 267(1), Article 105142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105142Tejeda, J. F., Hernandez-Matamoros, A., & Gonzalez, E. (2023). Characteristics, lipogenic enzyme activity, and fatty acid composition of muscles in the Iberian pig: Effects of protein restriction and free-range feeding. Livestock Science, 267(1), Article 105142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105142Verevkin, S. P., Pimerzin, A. A., Glotov, F. P., & Vutolkina, A. V. (2022). Biofuels energetics: Reconciliation of calorific values of fatty acids methyl esters with help of complementary measurements and structure–property relationships. Fuel, 329(1), Article 125460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125460Verevkin, S. P., Pimerzin, A. A., Glotov, F. P., & Vutolkina, A. V. (2022). Biofuels energetics: Reconciliation of calorific values of fatty acids methyl esters with help of complementary measurements and structure–property relationships. Fuel, 329(1), Article 125460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125460Xiaoyan, C., Zhongyong, G., Qiuli, F., Long, L., Xiajing, L., Yibing, W., Shouqun, J., & Zongyong, J. (2019). Effects of dietary perilla seed oil supplementation on lipid metabolism, meat quality, and fatty acid profiles in Yellow-feathered chickens. Poultry Science, 98(11), 5714–5723. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez358Xiaoyan, C., Zhongyong, G., Qiuli, F., Long, L., Xiajing, L., Yibing, W., Shouqun, J., & Zongyong, J. (2019). Effects of dietary perilla seed oil supplementation on lipid metabolism, meat quality, and fatty acid profiles in Yellow-feathered chickens. Poultry Science, 98(11), 5714–5723. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez358Yang, M., Tao, L., Kang, X. R., Wang, Z. L., Su, L. Y., Li, L. F., Gu, F., Zhao, C. C., Sheng, J., & Tian, Y. (2023). Leaves as new raw food material: A review of its nutritional composition, functional properties, and comprehensive application. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 138(8), 399–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.05.013Yang, M., Tao, L., Kang, X. R., Wang, Z. L., Su, L. Y., Li, L. F., Gu, F., Zhao, C. C., Sheng, J., & Tian, Y. (2023). Leaves as new raw food material: A review of its nutritional composition, functional properties, and comprehensive application. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 138(8), 399–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.05.013Zapata, J., Gallardo, A., Romero, C., Valenzuela, R., Garcia-Diaz, D.F., Duarte, L., Bustamante, B., Gasaly, N., Gotteland, M., & Echeverria, F. (2022). n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis in obesity. Potential relationship with gut microbiota. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 177(2), Article 102388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102388Zapata, J., Gallardo, A., Romero, C., Valenzuela, R., Garcia-Diaz, D.F., Duarte, L., Bustamante, B., Gasaly, N., Gotteland, M., & Echeverria, F. (2022). n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis in obesity. Potential relationship with gut microbiota. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 177(2), Article 102388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102388Zhang, W., Hu, W., Zhu, Q., Niu, M., An, N., Feng ,Y., Kawamura, K., & Fu, P. (2024). Hydroxy fatty acids in the surface Earth system. Science of The Total Environment, 906(1). Article 167358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167358Zhang, W., Hu, W., Zhu, Q., Niu, M., An, N., Feng ,Y., Kawamura, K., & Fu, P. (2024). Hydroxy fatty acids in the surface Earth system. Science of The Total Environment, 906(1). Article 167358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167358Zupancic, J., Kushwah, V., & Paudel, A. (2023). Pancreatic lipase digestion: The forgotten barrier in oral administration of lipid-based delivery systems. Journal of Controlled Release, 362(10), 381–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.024Zupancic, J., Kushwah, V., & Paudel, A. (2023). Pancreatic lipase digestion: The forgotten barrier in oral administration of lipid-based delivery systems. Journal of Controlled Release, 362(10), 381–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.024

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.