spfpХранение и переработка сельхозсырьяStorage and Processing of Farm Products2072-96692658-767XРОСБИОТЕХ10.36107/spfp.2025.3.665spfp-665Research ArticleФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ И ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ МЕТОДЫ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ СЕЛЬХОЗПРОДУКЦИИPHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS OF FARM RAW MATERIAL PROCESSINGСравнительная характеристика методов отгонки эфирного масла из соцветий лаванды с применением предварительной обработки слаботочным искровым разрядомComparative Characterisation of Lavender Essential Oil Distillation Methods Using Low-Current Spark Discharge Pretreatmenthttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-6318-8797ШерстюковАндрей ГеннадьевичSherstyukovAndrey G.

ИМРИТТС, ТОиСЖ, НИЛ "Лаборатория передовых электрофизических технологий и новых материалов", лаборант-исследователь

sherstyukov86@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8270-628XШорсткийИван АлександровичShorstkiyIvan A.

ИМРИТТС, ТОиСЖ, заведующий НИЛ "Лаборатория передовых электрофизических технологий и новых материалов", к.т.н, доц.

i-shorstky@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8270-628XХудяковДмитрий АндреевичKhudyakovDmitry A.

ИМРИТТС, ТОиСЖ, НИЛ "Лаборатория передовых электрофизических технологий и новых материалов", младший научный сотрудник

dima.khudyakov.1995@mail.ruКубанский государственный технологический университетРоссияKuban State Technological UniversityRussian Federation2025200120263338181Copyright © Шерстюков А.Г., Шорсткий И.А., Худяков Д.А., 20262026Шерстюков А.Г., Шорсткий И.А., Худяков Д.А.Sherstyukov A.G., Shorstkiy I.A., Khudyakov D.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.spfp-mgupp.ru/jour/article/view/67Введение

Введение: Интенсивность и глубина экстрагирования эфирномасличного сырья, а также химический состав эфирных масел определяют эффективность работы отрасли. При этом, несмотря на развитие ультразвуковых, микроволновых и других электрофизических методов интенсификации, влияние предварительной обработки эфирномасличного сырья слаботочным искровым разрядом на процессы перегонки изучено недостаточно и ограничивается единичными работами, не рассматривающими соцветия лаванды и не сопоставляющими различные методы водной экстракции. Пробел в существующих исследованиях связан с отсутствием данных о том, как слаботочный искровой разряд влияет на кинетику отгонки, микроструктуру внутренних тканей соцветий лаванды и качество получаемого эфирного масла при гидродистилляции и перегонке в токе водяного пара. Новизна настоящего исследования заключается в экспериментальном обосновании применения предварительной электрофизической подготовки слаботочным искровым разрядом в качестве стадии подготовки лавандового сырья с комплексной оценкой выхода, скорости экстрагирования и качества эфирного масла.

Цель

Цель: Исследовать эффективность методов водной экстракции эфирного масла из соцветий лаванды с применением обработки слаботочным искровым разрядом на стадии подготовки сырья. Оценить кинетику экстрагирования, микроструктурные изменения перерабатываемого сырья и качество получаемого эфирного масла.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы: Реализован сравнительный анализ методов отгонки — водяной и паровой дистилляцией — для извлечения эфирного масла из соцветий лаванды с применением предварительной электрофизической обработки сырья. В качестве предварительной электрофизической обработки использовали слаботочный искровой разряд. Параметры электрофизической обработки подбирались из условия отсутствия локального перегрева материала более чем на 3 °С. Компонентный состав эфирного масла лаванды определяли методом газовой хроматографии. Анализ микроструктурных изменений эфирномасличного сырья определяли методом электронной сканирующей микроскопии.

Результаты

Результаты: При экстракции эфирного масла из соцветий лаванды максимальный выход наблюдался при использовании гонки током прямого пара с предварительной обработкой слаботочным искровым разрядом. Воздействие слаботочным искровым разрядом способствует более глубокому извлечению масла из соцветий лаванды, при этом концентрация основного компонента — линалоола — увеличивается  с 51,7% до 53%. Представлены фотографии микроструктуры внутренних эфирномасличных вместилищ соцветий лаванды, модифицированных при электрофизической обработке.

Выводы

Выводы: Сочетание предварительной электрофизической обработки слаботочным искровым разрядом с паровой и водной дистилляцией позволяет снизить время экстракции, увеличить выход целевого компонента и сохранить высокое качество получаемого эфирного масла. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при модернизации существующих и разработке новых энергоэффективных технологий получения эфирных масел на предприятиях пищевой, парфюмерно-косметической и фармацевтической промышленности, а также в малотоннажных производствах.

Introduction

Introduction: The intensity and depth of extraction from essential-oil-bearing plant materials, as well as the chemical composition of the resulting essential oils, determine overall process efficiency in the sector. Despite advances in ultrasound-, microwave-, and other electrophysical intensification techniques, the effect of low-current spark discharge pretreatment of essential-oil raw materials on distillation processes remains insufficiently studied. Existing evidence is limited to isolated studies that neither address lavender inflorescences nor compare different water-based extraction (distillation) methods. The current research gap concerns the lack of data on how low-current spark discharge influences distillation kinetics, the microstructure of internal tissues in lavender inflorescences, and the quality of the essential oil obtained via hydrodistillation and steam distillation. The novelty of this study lies in experimentally substantiating low-current spark discharge pretreatment as a preparatory stage for lavender raw material, accompanied by an integrated assessment of yield, extraction rate, and essential-oil quality.

Purpose

Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of water based methods for extracting essential oil from lavender inflorescences when low current spark discharge treatment is applied at the raw material preparation stage. To assess extraction kinetics, microstructural changes in the processed material, and the quality of the resulting essential oil.

Materials and Methods

Materials and Methods: A comparative analysis of distillation methods—hydrodistillation and steam distillation—was conducted to extract essential oil from lavender inflorescences with preliminary electrophysical treatment of the raw material. Low-current spark discharge was used as the pretreatment modality. Treatment parameters were selected to ensure that local overheating of the material did not exceed 3 °C. The component composition of lavender essential oil was determined by gas chromatography. Microstructural changes in the essential-oil-bearing raw material were examined using scanning electron microscopy.

Results

Results: In extracting essential oil from lavender inflorescences, the maximum yield was observed for direct steam distillation combined with low-current spark discharge pretreatment. Low-current spark discharge promoted deeper oil recovery from lavender inflorescences, while the concentration of the principal component, linalool, increased from 51.7% to 53.0%. Micrographs are presented showing the microstructure of internal essential-oil reservoirs in lavender inflorescences, modified as a result of electrophysical treatment.

Conclusion

Conclusion: Combining low-current spark discharge pretreatment with steam and water distillation reduces extraction time, increases the yield of the target product, and maintains high essential-oil quality. The findings may be applied to modernise existing and develop new energy-efficient technologies for essential oil production in the food, perfumery and cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in small-scale manufacturing.

экстракциясоцветие лавандыэфирное маслослаботочный искровой разрядсравнениепаровая дистилляцияextractionlavender inflorescencesessential oillow-current spark dischargecomparisonsteam distillationИсследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 25-29-00205, https://rscf.ru/project/25-29-00205.This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation № 25-29-00205, https://rscf.ru/project/25-29-00205.ReferencesАбашкин, И. А., Иванов, В. В., & Петров, А. Н. (2021). Методы экстракции биологически активных веществ из растительного сырья (обзор). Химия и технология органических веществ, 2, 43–59.Barros, M., Fernandes, A., Nunes, F. M., & Rodrigues, S. (2022). Extraction of essential oils from plants by hydrodistillation with pulsed electric fields (PEF) pre-treatment. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 12(16), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126234Бурак, Л. Ч., & Завалей, А. П. (2024). Эффективность комбинированного воздействия ультразвука и микроволн при обработке пищевых продуктов. Обзор. Техника и технология пищевых производств, 54(1), 342-357. https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2024-2-2510Chen, G., Li, X., Chen, Y., & Wang, J. (2021). Enhanced extraction of essential oil from Cinnamomum cassia bark by ultrasound assisted hydrodistillation. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 36, 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2020.12.012Невкрытая, Н. В., & Мирошниченко, А. В. (2019). Актуальные направления биохимических исследований эфиромасличных растений (Обзор. Часть II). Анализ содержания и компонентного состава эфирного масла в растениях для целей селекции и семеноводства. Таврический вестник аграрной науки, (1), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2019-1-17-71-82Danila, E., Hanganu, D., Olah, N. K., & Benedec, D. (2018). Comparative study of Lavandula angustifolia essential oils obtained by microwave and classical hydrodistillation. Revista de Chimie, 69(8), 2240–2244.Работягов, В. Д., & Палий, А. Е. (2017). Компонентный состав и содержание эфирного масла двух видов Lavandula (Lamiaceae), выращиваемых в условиях Крыма. Химия растительного сырья, 1, 59–64. https://doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2017011515Du, Y., Yang, F., Yu, H., Cheng, Y., Guo, Y., & Yao, W. (2022). Improving food drying performance by cold plasma pretreatment: A systematic review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 21(5), 4402–4421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.13027Тарасов, В. Е., Иванов, С. В., & Петрова, Т. В. (2013). Определение содержания экстрактивных веществ и эфирных масел в натуральном молотом кофе. Известия высших учебных заведений. Пищевая технология, 4, 38–40.Durek, J., Fröhling, A., Stelz, F., Ehlbeck, J., & Schlüter, O. (2022). Pilot-scale generation of plasma processed air and its influence on microbial count, microbial diversity, and selected quality parameters of dried herbs. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 75, 102901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102901Шорсткий, И. А. (2019). Использование электрофизических приемов при переработке масличного сырья. Известия высших учебных заведений. Пищевая технология, 4, 11–16. https://doi.org/10.26297/0579-3009.2019.4.3Elharas, K., Elamrani, A., & Zrira, S. (2013). Activité antibactérienne de l’huile essentielle des inflorescences de Laurus nobilis et Lavandula angustifolia. Afrique Science: Revue Internationale des Sciences et Technologie, 9(2), 134–141.Шорсткий, И. А., Кошевой Е. П. (2015). Экстракция с наложением импульсного электрического поля. Известия высших учебных заведений. Пищевая технология, 4, 40–42.Ferraz, L. P., & Silva, E. K. (2025). Pulsed electric field-assisted extraction techniques for obtaining vegetable oils and essential oils: Recent progress and opportunities for the food industry. Separation and Purification Technology, 354(2), 128833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.128833Abashkin, I. A., Ivanov, V. V., & Petrov, A. N. (2021). Methods of extraction of biologically active substances from plant raw materials (review). Chemistry and Technology of Organic Substances, 2, 43-59.Filly, A., Fernandez, X., Minuti, M., Visinoni, F., Cravotto, G., & Chemat, F. (2016). Water as a green solvent combined with different techniques for extraction of essential oil from lavender flowers. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 19(6), 707–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2015.12.008Burak, L. Ch., & Zavaley, A. P. (2024). The effectiveness of combined exposure to ultrasound and microwaves in food processing. Review. Machinery and technology of food production, 54(1), 342-357. https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2024-2-2510Gavahian, M., Farahnaky, A., Javidnia, K., & Majzoobi, M. (2015). Effect of applied voltage and frequency on extraction parameters and extracted essential oils from Mentha piperita by ohmic assisted hydrodistillation. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 29, 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2015.03.003Nevkrytaya, N. V., & Miroshnichenko, A.V. (2019). Current directions of biochemical research of essential oil plants (Review. Part II). Analysis of the content and component composition of essential oil in plants for breeding and seed production purposes. Tauride Bulletin of Agrarian Science, 1, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2019-1-17-71-82Gavahian, M., Munekata, P. E. S., Eş, I., Lorenzo, J. M., & Khaneghah, A. M. (2020). Ohmic heating as a promising technique for extraction of herbal essential oils: Understanding mechanisms, recent findings, and associated challenges. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 91, 227–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.10.003Raboyagov, V. D., & Paliy, A. E. (2017). The component composition and essential oil content of two species of Lavandula (Lamiaceae) grown in Crimea. Chemistry of Vegetable Raw Materials, 1, 59-64. https://doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2017011515Ghazanfari, N., Mortazavi, S. A., Yazdi, F. T., & Mohammadi, M. (2023). Using pulsed electric field pre-treatment to optimize coriander seeds essential oil extraction and evaluate antimicrobial properties, antioxidant activity, and essential oil compositions. LWT, 182, 114852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114852Tarasov, V. E., Ivanov, S. V., & Petrova, T. V. (2013). Determination of the content of extractive substances and essential oils in natural ground coffee. News of higher educational institutions. Food Technology, 4, 38-40.Hadri, A. M., El Alami, A., & El Hadri, A. (2023). Effect of pulsed electric field treatment on the extraction of essential oil from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.). International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 20(1), 37–46.Shorstky, I. A. (2019). The use of electrophysical techniques in the processing of oilseeds. News of higher educational institutions. Food Technology, 4, 11-16. https://doi.org/10.26297/0579-3009.2019.4.3Kant, R., & Kumar, A. (2022). Review on essential oil extraction from aromatic and medicinal plants: Techniques, performance and economic analysis. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 30, 100829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2022.100829Shorstky, I. A., & Koshevoi E. P. (2015). Extraction with the application of a pulsed electric field. News of higher educational institutions. Food Technology, 4, 40-42.Katekar, V. P., Rao, A. B., & Sardeshpande, V. R. (2022). Review of the rose essential oil extraction by hydrodistillation: An investigation for the optimum operating condition for maximum yield. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 29, 100783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2022.100783Barros, M., Fernandes, A., Nunes, F. M., & Rodrigues, S. (2022). Extraction of essential oils from plants by hydrodistillation with pulsed electric fields (PEF) pre-treatment. Applied Sciences, 12(16), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126234Miloudi, K., Hamimed, A., & Tahraoui, H. (2018). Intensification of essential oil extraction of the Marrubium vulgare using pulsed electric field. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 21(3), 811–824. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2018.1497549Chakravarty, I., Parmar, V. M., Mandavgane, S. A. (2021). Current trends in essential oil (EO) production. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13(17), 15311-15334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01963-3Picot-Allain, C., Mahomoodally, M. F., Ak, G., & Zengin, G. (2021). Conventional versus green extraction techniques — a comparative perspective. Current Opinion in Food Science, 40, 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2021.02.009Chen, G., Li, X., Chen, Y., & Wang, J. (2021). Enhanced extraction of essential oil from Cinnamomum cassia bark by ultrasound assisted hydrodistillation. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 36, 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2020.12.012Razola-Díaz, M. del C., Guerra-Hernández, E. J., García-Villanova, B., & Verardo, V. (2021). Recent developments in extraction and encapsulation techniques of orange essential oil. Food Chemistry, 354, 129575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129575Danila, E., Hanganu, D., Olah, N. K., & Benedec, D. (2018). Comparative study of Lavandula angustifolia essential oils obtained by microwave and classical hydrodistillation. Revista de Chimie, 69(8), 2240–2244.Rezaei, S., Naghdi Badi, H., Ghorbanpour, M., & Abdossi, V. (2021). Optimization of DBD-plasma assisted hydro-distillation for essential oil extraction of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seed and spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaf. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 24, 100300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2021.100300Du, Y., Yang, F., Yu, H., Cheng, Y., Guo, Y., & Yao, W. (2022). Improving food drying performance by cold plasma pretreatment: A systematic review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 21(5), 4402–4421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.13027Shorstkii, I. A., & Zherlicin, A. G. (2019a). Impact of pulsed electric field and pulsed microwave treatment on morphological and structural characteristics of sunflower seed. OCL, 26, 47. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2019047Durek, J., Fröhling, A., Stelz, F., Ehlbeck, J., & Schlüter, O. (2022). Pilot-scale generation of plasma processed air and its influence on microbial count, microbial diversity, and selected quality parameters of dried herbs. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 75, 102901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102901Shorstkii, I. A. (2019b). Extraction kinetic of sunflower seeds assisted by pulsed electric fields. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science, 43(3), 813–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-019-00702-8Elharas, K., Elamrani, A., & Zrira, S. (2013). Activité antibactérienne de l’huile essentielle des inflorescences de Laurus nobilis et Lavandula angustifolia [Antibacterial activity of the essential oil from the inflorescences of Laurus nobilis and Lavandula angustifolia.]. Afrique Science: Revue Internationale des Sciences et Technologie, 9(2), 134–141.Shorstkii I., Koshevoi E. (2019c) Drying technology assisted by nonthermal pulsed filamentary microplasma treatment: Theory and practice //ChemEngineering. – 2019. – Т. 3. – №. 4. – С. 91.Ferraz, L. P., & Silva, E. K. (2025). Pulsed electric field-assisted extraction techniques for obtaining vegetable oils and essential oils: Recent progress and opportunities for the food industry. Separation and Purification Technology, 354(2), 128833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.128833Silva, W. M. F., Silva, G. M., Santana, D. B., Salvador, I. S., & Silva, E. C. (2022). Basil essential oil: Methods of extraction, chemical composition, biological activities, and food applications. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 15(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-021-02704-0Filly, A., Fernandez, X., Minuti, M., Visinoni, F., Cravotto, G., & Chemat, F. (2016). Water as a green solvent combined with different techniques for extraction of essential oil from lavender flowers. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 19(6), 707–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2015.12.008Slimani, C., Sqalli, H., Rais, C., & El Ouariachi, E. (2022). Chemical composition and evaluation of biological effects of essential oil and aqueous extract of Lavandula angustifolia L. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 14(1), 11172. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb14111172Gavahian, M., Farahnaky, A., Javidnia, K., & Majzoobi, M. (2015). Effect of applied voltage and frequency on extraction parameters and extracted essential oils from Mentha piperita by ohmic assisted hydrodistillation. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 29, 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2015.03.003Yingngam, B., Kacha, W., Rungseevijitprapa, W., & Supaka, N. (2021). Optimization of the eco-friendly solvent-free microwave extraction of Limnophila aromatica essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 165, 113443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113443Gavahian, M., Munekata, P. E. S., Eş, I., Lorenzo, J. M., & Khaneghah, A. M. (2020). Ohmic heating as a promising technique for extraction of herbal essential oils: Understanding mechanisms, recent findings, and associated challenges. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 91, 227–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.10.003Abashkin, I. A., Ivanov, V. V., & Petrov, A. N. (2021). Methods of extraction of biologically active substances from plant raw materials (review). Chemistry and Technology of Organic Substances, 2, 43-59.Ghazanfari, N., Mortazavi, S. A., Yazdi, F. T., & Mohammadi, M. (2023). Using pulsed electric field pre-treatment to optimize coriander seeds essential oil extraction and evaluate antimicrobial properties, antioxidant activity, and essential oil compositions. LWT, 182, 114852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114852Burak, L. Ch., & Zubchenko, A. P. (2024). The effectiveness of combined exposure to ultrasound and microwaves in food processing. Review. Machinery and technology of food production, 54(1), 342-357.Hadri, A. M., El Alami, A., & El Hadri, A. (2023). Effect of pulsed electric field treatment on the extraction of essential oil from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.). International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 20(1), 37–46. Retrieved from http://www.ijbbku.com/20-1-23.phpTurysheva, N. A., Tarasov, V. E., & Petrova, T. V. (2012). Pharmacognosy and commodity science of essential oil and medicinal raw materials. KubGAU Publishing House.Heydari, M., Carbone, K., Gervasi, F., Parandi, E., Rouhi, M., Rostami, O., Mohammadi, R. (2023). Cold plasma-assisted extraction of phytochemicals: A review. Foods, 12(17), 3181. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12173181Nevkrytaya, N. V., & Miroshnichenko, A.V. (2019). Current directions of biochemical research of essential oil plants (Review. Part II). Analysis of the content and component composition of essential oil in plants for breeding and seed production purposes. Tauride Bulletin of Agrarian Science, 1, 71-82.Kant, R., & Kumar, A. (2022). Review on essential oil extraction from aromatic and medicinal plants: Techniques, performance and economic analysis. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 30, 100829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2022.100829Raboyagov, V. D., & Paliy, A. E. (2017). The component composition and essential oil content of two species of Lavandula (Lamiaceae) grown in Crimea. Chemistry of vegetable raw materials, 1, 59-64.Katekar, V. P., Rao, A. B., & Sardeshpande, V. R. (2022). Review of the rose essential oil extraction by hydrodistillation: An investigation for the optimum operating condition for maximum yield. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 29, 100783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2022.100783Tarasov, V. E., Ivanov, S. V., & Petrova, T. V. (2013). Determination of the content of extractive substances and essential oils in natural ground coffee. News of higher educational institutions. Food Technology, 4, 38-40.Liu, B., Fu, J., Zhu, Y., & Chen, P. (2018). Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of essential oil from lavender using response surface methodology. Journal of oleo Science, 67(10), 1327-1337. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess18019Shorstky, I. A. (2019). The use of electrophysical techniques in the processing of oilseeds. News of higher educational institutions. Food Technology, 4, 11-16.Miloudi, K., Hamimed, A., & Tahraoui, H. (2018). Intensification of essential oil extraction of the Marrubium vulgare using pulsed electric field. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 21(3), 811–824. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2018.1497549Shorstky, I. A., & Koshevoi E. P. (2015). Extraction with the application of a pulsed electric field. News of higher educational institutions. Food Technology, 4, 40-42.Picot-Allain, C., Mahomoodally, M. F., Ak, G., & Zengin, G. (2021). Conventional versus green extraction techniques - A comparative perspective. Current Opinion in Food Science, 40, 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2021.02.009Shorstky, I. A. (2019). A method for preparing plant material for drying and a device for its implementation (Patent No. RU 2727915). Federal Service for Intellectual Property.Razola-Díaz, M. del C., Guerra-Hernández, E. J., García-Villanova, B., & Verardo, V. (2021). Recent developments in extraction and encapsulation techniques of orange essential oil. Food Chemistry, 354, 129575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129575Razola-Díaz, M. del C., Guerra-Hernández, E. J., García-Villanova, B., & Verardo, V. (2021). Recent developments in extraction and encapsulation techniques of orange essential oil. Food Chemistry, 354, 129575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129575Rezaei, S., Naghdi Badi, H., Ghorbanpour, M., & Abdossi, V. (2021). Optimization of DBD-plasma assisted hydro-distillation for essential oil extraction of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seed and spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaf. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 24, 100300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2021.100300Rezaei, S., Naghdi Badi, H., Ghorbanpour, M., & Abdossi, V. (2021). Optimization of DBD-plasma assisted hydro-distillation for essential oil extraction of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seed and spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaf. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 24, 100300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2021.100300Shorstkii, I. A., & Zherlicin, A. G. (2019a). Impact of pulsed electric field and pulsed microwave treatment on morphological and structural characteristics of sunflower seed. OCL, 26, 47. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2019047Shorstkii, I. A., & Zherlicin, A. G. (2019a). Impact of pulsed electric field and pulsed microwave treatment on morphological and structural characteristics of sunflower seed. OCL, 26, 47. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2019047Shorstkii, I. A. (2019b). Extraction kinetic of sunflower seeds assisted by pulsed electric fields. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science, 43(3), 813–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-019-00702-8Shorstkii, I. A. (2019b). Extraction kinetic of sunflower seeds assisted by pulsed electric fields. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science, 43(3), 813–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-019-00702-8Shorstkii, I., & Koshevoi, E. (2019c). Drying technology assisted by nonthermal pulsed filamentary microplasma treatment: Theory and practice. ChemEngineering, 3(4), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3040091Shorstkii, I., & Koshevoi, E. (2019c). Drying technology assisted by nonthermal pulsed filamentary microplasma treatment: Theory and practice. ChemEngineering, 3(4), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3040091Silva, W. M. F., Silva, G. M., Santana, D. B., Salvador, I. S., & Silva, E. C. (2022). Basil essential oil: Methods of extraction, chemical composition, biological activities, and food applications. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 15(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-021-02704-0Silva, W. M. F., Silva, G. M., Santana, D. B., Salvador, I. S., & Silva, E. C. (2022). Basil essential oil: Methods of extraction, chemical composition, biological activities, and food applications. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 15(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-021-02704-0Slimani, C., Sqalli, H., Rais, C., & El Ouariachi, E. (2022). Chemical composition and evaluation of biological effects of essential oil and aqueous extract of Lavandula angustifolia L. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 14(1), 11172. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb14111172Slimani, C., Sqalli, H., Rais, C., & El Ouariachi, E. (2022). Chemical composition and evaluation of biological effects of essential oil and aqueous extract of Lavandula angustifolia L. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 14(1), 11172. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb14111172Yingngam, B., Kacha, W., Rungseevijitprapa, W., & Supaka, N. (2021). Optimization of the eco-friendly solvent-free microwave extraction of Limnophila aromatica essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 165, 113443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113443Yingngam, B., Kacha, W., Rungseevijitprapa, W., & Supaka, N. (2021). Optimization of the eco-friendly solvent-free microwave extraction of Limnophila aromatica essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 165, 113443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113443

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.