<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">spfp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Хранение и переработка сельхозсырья</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Storage and Processing of Farm Products</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-9669</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-767X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РОСБИОТЕХ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36107/spfp.2025.4.672</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">spfp-672</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ И МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПРОДУКТОВ ПИТАНИЯ НОВОГО ПОКОЛЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DESIGNING AND MODELLING THE NEW GENERATION FOODS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Компьютерное моделирование процесса распылительной сушки молока при конвективно-радиационном энергоподводе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Computer Modeling of Milk Spray Drying under Combined Convective and Radiative Heating</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8569-0896</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орешина</surname><given-names>Марина Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Oreshina</surname><given-names>Marina Nikolaevna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор технических наук, профессор Кафедра прикладной информатики и информационной безопасности РЭУ им. Г. В. Плеханова</p><p>РИНЦ SPIN-код :3300-7204</p><p>Author ID:400881</p><p>ORCID - 0000-0001-8569-0896</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Technical Science, Professor of the Department of Applied Informatics and Information Security, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics.</p><p>Address: Plekhanov Russian University</p><p>of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane,</p><p>Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation.</p><p>E-mail: oreshina.mn@rea.ru</p><p>РИНЦ SPIN-код :3300-7204,</p><p>Author ID:400881</p><p>ORCID - 0000-0001-8569-0896</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oreshina.mn@rea.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8532-9320</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малази</surname><given-names>Самуэль Али</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malazi</surname><given-names>Samuel Ali</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат  технических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры  пищевых технологий и биоинженерии РЭУ им. Г. В. Плеханова</p><p>SPIN-код: 4431-5503,</p><p>Author ID: 960365</p><p>ORCID 0000-0001-8532-9320</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Technical Sciences, Senior lecturer of the Department of Food Technologies and Bioengineering, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics.</p><p>Address: Plekhanov Russian University</p><p>of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane,</p><p>Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation.</p><p>E-mail: malazi.sa@rea.ru</p><p>SPIN-код:4431-5503,</p><p>Author ID: 960365</p><p>ORCID 0000-0001-8532-9320</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">malazi.sa@rea.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский экономический университет имени Г. В. Плеханова (РЭУ им. Г.В. Плеханова)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Plekhanov Russian University of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский экономический университет имени Г. В. Плеханова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Plekhanov Russian University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Орешина М.Н., Малази С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Орешина М.Н., Малази С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Oreshina M.N., Malazi S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.spfp-mgupp.ru/jour/article/view/672">https://www.spfp-mgupp.ru/jour/article/view/672</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение: Распылительная сушка молока является ключевой технологической операцией, определяющей качество, стабильность и энергоэффективность производства сухих молочных продуктов. Несмотря на широкое применение CFD-моделирования, большинство существующих моделей недостаточно учитывают внутренние структурные преобразования капли и влияние комбинированного конвективно-радиационного энергоподвода на кинетику тепло- и массопереноса. Эти факторы ограничивают прогностическую точность расчетов и возможности оптимизации режимов сушки.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Разработка и численная реализация CFD-ориентированной математической модели распылительной сушки молока, позволяющей описывать изменение температуры и влагосодержания капли при конвективно-радиационном энергоподводе и определять рациональные параметры технологического режима.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: Модель основана на системе дифференциальных уравнений теплопроводности, диффузии влаги и кинетического уравнения структурных изменений частицы. Численное решение реализовано на языке Python в среде PyCharm с использованием библиотек SciPy, NumPy и Matplotlib. Расчеты выполнены для одиночной капли молока при различных значениях удельного теплового потока в диапазоне 0,000156–0,000273 Дж и времени обработки 120 с. Структурные и морфологические изменения учитывались посредством уточняющего коэффициента K₁.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: Получены зависимости температуры поверхности капли и концентрации влаги от уровня энергоподвода. Установлено, что увеличение теплового потока приводит к росту температуры поверхности с 331 до 360 К, однако не обеспечивает пропорционального ускорения обезвоживания. Во всех исследованных режимах конечное влагосодержание достигает 4,9–5,1 %. Введение структурного коэффициента K₁ позволило корректно описать замедление диффузии влаги на поздних стадиях сушки, связанное с формированием поверхностного слоя.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: Применение повышенных уровней энергоподвода нецелесообразно с точки зрения энергоэффективности и может приводить к избыточной термической нагрузке без существенного выигрыша в скорости сушки. Разработанная модель может быть использована для оптимизации режимов распылительной сушки, проектирования сушильного оборудования и создания цифровых двойников технологических процессов обезвоживания пищевых эмульсий и суспензий.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction: Spray drying is a critical unit operation in milk powder production, strongly affecting product quality, storage stability, and process energy efficiency. Although computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been widely applied to drying analysis, many existing models do not adequately capture internal droplet structural transformations or the effect of combined convective and radiative heating on heat and mass transfer kinetics. As a result, their predictive capability and usefulness for process optimization remain limited.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: To develop and numerically implement a CFD-oriented mathematical model of milk spray drying that describes the evolution of droplet temperature and moisture content under combined convective and radiative heating and identifies rational operating conditions.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods: The model was formulated as a system of differential equations describing heat conduction, moisture diffusion, and the kinetics of structural transformations within the particle. Numerical simulations were performed in Python (PyCharm environment) using the SciPy, NumPy, and Matplotlib libraries. Calculations were carried out for a single milk droplet under different specific heat input levels ranging from 0.000156 to 0.000273 J over a treatment time of 120 s. Structural and morphological changes were incorporated through a correction coefficient, K₁.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: The model generated temperature and moisture profiles as functions of energy input. Increasing the heat input raised the droplet surface temperature from 331 to 360 K, but did not result in a proportional increase in drying intensity. In all tested regimes, the final moisture content remained within a narrow range of 4.9-5.1%. Incorporation of the structural coefficient K₁ made it possible to adequately describe the reduction in moisture diffusivity at the final stage of drying associated with crust formation at the particle surface.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: Higher energy input levels appear unjustified from an energy-efficiency perspective, as they may impose excessive thermal stress without providing a substantial increase in drying rate. The proposed model can be used to optimize spray-drying conditions, support dryer design, and develop digital twins of dehydration processes for food emulsions and suspensions.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>математическое моделирование</kwd><kwd>тепловые и массообменные процессы</kwd><kwd>распылительная сушка молока</kwd><kwd>моделирование в среде Python</kwd><kwd>конвективно-радиационный энергоподвод</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mathematical modeling</kwd><kwd>heat and mass transfer</kwd><kwd>milk spray drying</kwd><kwd>Python-based simulation</kwd><kwd>convective-radiative heating</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексанян, И. Ю., Максименко, Ю. А., Губа, О. Е. (2014). Исследование кинетики и совершенствование процесса распылительной сушки меланжа. Технологии пищевой и перерабатывающей промышленности АПК - продукты здорового питания, (3), 43–47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasyanov, G. I., Gritskikh, V. A., Semenov, G. V., and Troyanova, T. L. (2020). Food Production Technologies. Drying of Raw Materials: Study Guide (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексанян, И.Ю., Максименко, Ю.А., Феклунова, Ю.С., Пшеничная Н.Э. (2015). Конвективно-радиационная распылительная сушилка для жидких и пастообразных пищевых материалов. Технологии пищевой и перерабатывающей промышленности АПК - продукты здорового питания, 3(7), 57–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kharkov, V. V., Lavrova, K. Z. (2025). Numerical study of the spray drying process of milk. Vestnik MGTU, 28 (2), 263–272. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Губа, О.Е., Максименко, Ю.А. (2014). Исследование кинетики процесса распылительной сушки меланжа. Вестник АГТУ, 2 (58), 92–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miroshnichenko, G. P., and Meshkovsky, I. K. (2022). Mathematical Physics for Engineers. Textbook (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Максименко, Ю.А., Феклунова, Ю.С., Пшеничная, Н.Э., Шакесов, Н.М. (2015). Установка конвективно-радиационной распылительной сушки. Естественные и технические науки, 10(88), 352–354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaripov, Sh. Kh., Nikonenkova, T. V., Lozhkin, G. I., Gilfanov, A. K., and Kosterina, E. A. (2023). Mathematical Models of Population Dynamics: Implementation in Python: A Tutorial (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Максименко, Ю.А., Теличкина, Э.Р., Теличкин, Р.С. (2018). Анализ эффективности работы распылительных сушилок при обезвоживании растительных материалов. Технологии пищевой и перерабатывающей промышленности АПК - продукты здорового питания, 3(23), 55–62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksanyan, I. Yu., Maksimenko, Yu. A., and Guba, O. E. (2014). Study of the kinetics and improvement of the spray drying process of melange. Tekhnologii pishchevoi i pererabativayushchei promishlennosti APK - produkti zdorovogo pitaniya, (3), 43-47. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харьков, В. В., Лаврова, К. З. (2025). Численное исследование процесса распылительной сушки молока. Вестник МГТУ, 28(2), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2025-28-2-263-272</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maksimenko, Yu.A., Telichkina, E.R., Telichkin, R.S. (2018). Analysis of the efficiency of spray dryers in the dehydration of plant materials. Tekhnologii pishchevoi i pererabativayushchei promishlennosti APK - produkti zdorovogo pitaniya, 3 (23), 55-62. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дантас А., Пьелла-Рифа М., Понтес Коста Д., Фелипе Х. Гоу П. (2024). Инновации в технологии распылительной сушки для производства жидких пищевых продуктов: дизайн, механизмы и возможности применения. Прикладные исследования в области пищевых продуктов, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2023.100382</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guba, O.E., Maksimenko, Yu.A. (2014). Study of the kinetics of the spray drying process of melange. Vestnik AGTU, 2 (58), 92-96. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pshenichnaya, N.E., Shakesov, N.M. (2015). Installation of convective radiation spray drying. Natural and technical sciences, 10 (88), 352–354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maksimenko, Yu.A., Feklunova, Yu.S., Pshenichnaya, N.E., Shakesov, N.M. (2015). Installation of Convective-Radiative Spray Drying. Yestestvennie i tekhnicheskie nauki, 10 (88), 352-354.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пшеничная, Н. Е., Шакесов, Н.М. (2015). Установка конвективной радиационно-распылительной сушки. Естественные и технические науки, 10 (88), 352–354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksanyan, I.Yu., Maksimenko, Yu.A., Feklunova, Yu.S., Pshenichnaya N.E. (2015). Convective-radiative spray dryer for liquid and pasty food materials. Tekhnologii pishchevoi i pererabativayushchei promishlennosti APK - produkti zdorovogo pitaniya, 3(7), 57-61. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alamilla-Beltrán, L., Chanona-Pérez, J.J., Jiménez-Aparicio, A.R., Gutiérrez-López, G.F. (2005). Description of morphological changes of particles along spray drying. Journal of Food Engineering, 67, 179–184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oreshina, M.N. (2019). Mathematical Foundations of Innovative Technologies in the Processing Industries of the Agro-Industrial Complex. Monograph (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jakkamsetty, C., Subramanian, P., Rashidinejad, A. (2024). Spray drying of milk and milk products. Spray Drying for the Food Industry, 4, 87–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819799-8.00002-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dantas, A., Piella-Rifa, M., Pontes Costa, D., Felipe, X. [et al.]. (2024). Innovations in spray drying technology for liquid food processing: Design, mechanisms, and potential for application. Applied Food Research, 4 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2023.100382.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Langrish, T. A. G., Kockel, T. K. (2001). The assessment of a characteristic drying curve for milk powder for use in computational fluid dynamics modelling. Chemical Engineering Journal, 84, 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947(00)00384-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jakkamsetty, C., Subramanian, P., Rashidinejad, A. (2024). Spray drying of milk and milk products. In Spray drying for the food industry, 4, 87–123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819799-8.00002-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Langrish, T.A.G., Kota K., A comparison of collision kernels for sprays from one and two-nozzle atomisation systems. (2007). Chemical Engineering Journal, 126, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2006.07.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Langrish, T. A. G., Kockel, T. K. (2001). The assessment of a characteristic drying curve for milk powder for use in computational fluid dynamics modelling. Chemical Engineering Journal, 84, 69–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947(00)00384-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Langrish, T.A.G., Multi-scale mathematical modelling of spray dryers. (2009). Journal of Food Engineering , 93, 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.01.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muehlhoff, E., Bennett, McMahon, A.D. (2013). Milk and dairy products in human nutrition.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Langrish, T.A.G., Williams, J., Fletcher, D.F. (2004). Simulation of the effects of inlet swirl on gas flow patterns in a pilot-scale spray dryer. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 82, 821–833. https://doi.org/10.1205/0263876041596661</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohammed, F. (2003) A new approach to modelling of single droplet drying. Chemical Engineering Science, 58, 2985–2993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(03)00161-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li, X., Zbicinski, I. (2005). A sensitivity study on CFD modeling of cocurrent spray-drying process. Drying Technology, 23, 1681–1691. https://doi.org/10.1081/DRT-200065093</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poozesh, S., Lu K., Marsac, P. J. (2018). On the particle formation in spray drying process for bio-pharmaceutical applications: Interrogating a new model via computational fluid dynamics. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 122, 863–876. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.02.043.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li, Z., Kobayashi, N. (2005). Determination of moisture diffusivity by thermo-gravimetric analysis under non-isothermal condition. Drying Technology, 23, 1331–1342. https://doi.org/10.1081/DRT-200059523117997</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pugliese, A., Cabassi, G., Chiavaro, E., Paciulli, M. [et al.]. (2017). Physical characterization of whole and skim dried milk powders. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54, 3433–3442. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s13197-017-2795-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin S.X.Q., Chen X.D. (2006), A model for drying of an aqueous lactose droplet using the reaction engineering approach. Drying Technology, 24, 1329–1334. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373930600951091</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putranto, A., Chen, X. D. (2016). The relative activation energy of food materials: Important parameters to describe drying kinetics. International Journal of Food Properties, 19 (8), 1726–1737. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2014.999863.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohammed, F. (2003) A new approach to modelling of single droplet drying. Chemical Engineering Science, 58, 2985–2993. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(03)00161-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmitz-Schug, I., Kulozik, U., Foerst, P. (2016). Modeling spray drying of dairy products – Impact of drying kinetics, reaction kinetics and spray drying conditions on lysine loss. Chemical Engineering Science, 141, 315–329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2015.11.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poozesh, S., Lu K., Marsac, P. J. (2018). On the particle formation in spray drying process for bio-pharmaceutical applications: Interrogating a new model via computational fluid dynamics. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 122, 863–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.02.043.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woo, M. W., Daud, W. R. W., Mujumdar, A. S., Talib, M. Z. M. [et al.]. (2008). Comparative study of droplet drying models for CFD modelling. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 86 (9), 1038–1048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2008.04.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pugliese, A., Cabassi, G., Chiavaro, E., Paciulli, M., Carini E., Mucchetti G. (2017). Physical characterization of whole and skim dried milk powders. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54, 3433–3442. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s13197-017-2795-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang X., Chen X., Xu Y., Yang J. [et al.]. (2021). Milk consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in humans. Nutrition &amp; Metabolism, 18, 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-020-00527-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Putranto, A., Chen, X. D. (2016). The relative activation energy of food materials: Important parameters to describe drying kinetics. International Journal of Food Properties, 19(8), 1726–1737. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2014.999863</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alamilla-Beltrán, L., Chanona-Pérez, J.J., Jiménez-Aparicio, A.R., Gutiérrez-López, G.F. (2005). Description of morphological changes of particles along spray drying, J, Food Eng., 67, 179–184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmitz-Schug, I., Kulozik, U., Foerst, P. (2016). Modeling spray drying of dairy products – Impact of drying kinetics, reaction kinetics and spray drying conditions on lysine loss. Chemical Engineering Science, 141, 315–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2015.11.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Langrish, T.A.G., Multi-scale mathematical modelling of spray dryers, J. (2009). Food Eng, 93, 218–228.  DOI: //doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.01.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woo, M. W., Daud, W. R. W., Mujumdar, A. S., Talib, M. Z. M., Hua, W. Z., Tasirin, S. M. (2008). Comparative study of droplet drying models for CFD modelling. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 86(9), 1038–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2008.04.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Langrish, T.A.G., Kota K., A comparison of collision kernels for sprays from one and two-nozzle atomisation systems. (2007). Chem. Eng., 126, 131–138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang X., Chen X., Xu Y., Yang J., Du L., Li K., Zhou Y. (2021). Milk consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in humans. Nutrition &amp; Metabolism, 18, Article 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-020-00527-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Langrish, T.A.G., Williams, J., Fletcher, D.F. (2004). Simulation of the effects of inlet swirl on gas flow patterns in a pilot-scale spray dryer. Chem. Eng. Res., 82, 821–833.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li, Z., Kobayashi, N. (2005). Determination of moisture diffusivity by thermo-gravimetric analysis under non-isothermal condition. Dry. Technol, 23, 1331–1342.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li, Z., Kobayashi, N. (2005). Determination of moisture diffusivity by thermo-gravimetric analysis under non-isothermal condition. Dry. Technol, 23, 1331–1342.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li, X., Zbicinski, I. (2005). A sensitivity study on CFD modeling of cocurrent spray-drying process. Dry. Technol, 23, 1681–1691. https://doi.org/10.1081/DRT-200065093</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li, X., Zbicinski, I. (2005). A sensitivity study on CFD modeling of cocurrent spray-drying process. Dry. Technol, 23, 1681–1691. https://doi.org/10.1081/DRT-200065093</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin S.X.Q., Chen X.D. (2006), A model for drying of an aqueous lactose droplet using the reaction engineering approach. Dry. Technol, 24, 1329–1334. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373930600951091</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin S.X.Q., Chen X.D. (2006), A model for drying of an aqueous lactose droplet using the reaction engineering approach. Dry. Technol, 24, 1329–1334. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373930600951091</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel K.C., Chen X.D. (2008), Surface-center temperature differences within milk droplets during convective drying and drying-based biot number analysis. AIChE J, 54, 3273–3290.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel K.C., Chen X.D. (2008), Surface-center temperature differences within milk droplets during convective drying and drying-based biot number analysis. AIChE J, 54, 3273–3290.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel K.C., Chen X.D. (2005), Kar S., The temperature uniformity during air drying of a colloidal liquid droplet. Dry. Technol, 23, 2337–2367.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel K.C., Chen X.D. (2005), Kar S., The temperature uniformity during air drying of a colloidal liquid droplet. Dry. Technol, 23, 2337–2367.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
