Влияние тяжелых металлов на перспективы использования личинок Hermetia illucens для переработки отходов

Введение: Насекомые считаются многообещающим альтернативным источником белка для животных. Их можно выращивать на органических отходах, что одновременно позволяет снизить затраты на утилизацию и повторно использовать побочные продукты сельского хозяйства. Однако, дальнейшее использование полученной биомассы может быть небезопасно, т.к. насекомые способны аккумулировать тяжелые металлы и передавать их дальше по пищевой цепи. Более того, тяжелые металлы также влияют на скорость роста и микробиом личинок.

Цель: Целью данной работы является анализ современных представлений о влиянии аккумуляции тяжелых металлов в личинках мухи Черная львинка на потенциал применения данного вида насекомых для переработки отходов с дальнейшим использованием в качестве кормовой добавки. 

Материалы и методы: Поиск информации осуществлялся в базах PubMed и ScienceDirect, по ключевым словам: «black soldier fly heavy metals», «black soldier fly heavy metals bioaccumulation», «Hermetia illucens heavy metals», «Hermetia illucens heavy metals bioaccumulation». Принимались во внимание работы, опубликованные с 2000 по 2023 годы. В результате в основу данного обзора вошли 54 источника на английском языке.

Результаты: Основными факторами, определяющими влияние тяжелых металлов на применение личинок Черной львинки, полученных при переработке органических отходов, в качестве кормовых добавок, являются: способность биоаккумуляции тяжелых металлов насекомыми, содержание металлов в кормовом субстрате, стадия развития Черной львинки, способы переработки личинок перед использованием в качестве кормовых добавок, а также способность животных, употребляющих в пищу Черную львинку, накапливать тяжелые металлы. В большинстве рассмотренных работ объектами исследования являлись такие элементы, как Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Zn, что является оправданным и необходимым в случае производства кормов по причине токсичности перечисленных металлов. Однако, в случае использования личинок мухи Черная львинка для очистки донных отложений и переработки отходов следует также уделять внимание остальным тяжелым металлам. 

Выводы: К способам, снижающим содержание исследуемых элементов в данном виде насекомых, можно отнести: использование «чистого» кормового субстрата, разбавление отходов «чистым» кормовым субстратом, очистка при дальнейшей переработке биомассы личинок в корм. Исследования показывают, что целесообразным с точки зрения уменьшения дальнейшей передачи по пищевой цепочке тяжелых металлов является использование черной львинки в качестве кормовой добавки, а не самостоятельного корма.

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