Функциональные свойства гидролизатов белков рапса: систематический обзор биологической активности и областей применения

Введение: Растительные масла широко применяются в различных отраслях промышленности, что стимулирует рост производства масличных культур. Особенно быстро расширяются посевы рапса, по которому Россия входит в десятку мировых лидеров. При этом побочные продукты переработки рапса (жмыхи и шроты), содержащие более 40% белка, остаются недооцененным ресурсом для получения белковых препаратов. Исследование гидролизатов рапсового белка, содержащих биологически активные пептиды, представляет особый интерес для пищевой, кормовой и фармацевтической промышленности.

Цель: Провести обобщение и систематизацию актуальных научных данных о гидролизатах рапсового белка, охватывая технологии их получения, выявленные биологические свойства и возможные области применения. В рамках анализа отдельный акцент сделан на исследованиях, описывающих пептиды с антиоксидантной, антимикробной, антигипертензивной, DPP-IV-ингибирующей и противоопухолевой активностью. 

Материалы и методы: В основу систематического обзора положен анализ научных публикаций, опубликованных в период с 2014 по 2025 год в рецензируемых журналах, индексируемых в международных и национальных базах данных. Источники были отобраны с использованием поисковых систем Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink и РИНЦ. Критерии включения охватывали тематическую релевантность, наличие научной новизны, а также публикацию в изданиях, входящих в признанные индексы научного цитирования. В обзор включены как экспериментальные исследования, выполненные in vitro и in vivo, так и работы, основанные на методах in silico моделирования. Процесс идентификации, отбора, систематизации и анализа источников представлен с использованием диаграммы PRISMA.

Результаты: Установлено, что гидролизаты рапсового белка могут служить ценными функциональными ингредиентами в пищевых продуктах, кормах для аквакультуры и источниками биоактивных соединений. Обсуждается влияние методов гидролиза на их функционально-технологические свойства, а также потенциал замены традиционных белковых компонентов. Выделены перспективные направления дальнейших исследований, включая применение новых ферментных препаратов и биоинформационных подходов для идентификации биологически активных пептидов.

Выводы: Гидролизаты рапсового белка обладают значительным потенциалом для использования в различных отраслях промышленности. Дальнейшие исследования должны быть направлены на оптимизацию методов их получения, углубленное изучение механизмов биологической активности и расширение областей практического применения. Разработка новых технологий переработки рапсового белка может способствовать созданию инновационных продуктов с улучшенными функциональными свойствами.

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